Richard Feng Introduction. Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide and causes 8.9 million fractures annually.1 Osteoporosis is characterized by too much bone resorption by osteoclasts with decreased bone formation by osteoblasts.1 Macrophage and bone mesenchymal stem cell (bMSC) activity is important in the repair of fragility fractures caused by…

John Burton Introduction. Osteoporosis is a major concern worldwide and can be attributed to a metabolic imbalance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption that increases bone fragility and fracture risk1. More than 75 million people are currently living with osteoporosis and many more have osteopenia2. There are many…

Peter Duong Osteoarthritis (OA), currently the most common form of arthritis, is a progressive degenerative disease affecting the joint cartilage and surrounding joint infrastructure1,2. Treatments for OA are limited to pain relief and functional rehabilitation1,2. Regeneration of cartilage in the affected joint(s) provide potential solutions to reverse degeneration of joint…

Kenneth Sims IV Introduction.  Osteoarthritis (OA) is a “wear-and-tear” disease in which synovial joints, such as the knee or shoulder, degenerate over time. This disease can cause significant pain and immobility, and there is a need for therapy beyond symptomatic management.  Within the OA joint, chondrocytes lose the ability to…

Abraham Munnerlyn Introduction.  Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a painful, stiffness of the knee joint due to a complex degenerative disease.1 Estimates show that 30.8 million Americans and 40 million Europeans currently suffer from this disease.2 And with an increased age there is an increased prevalence, which is concerning…