Joel Ravichandran Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer related death in the world due to its high-rate of metastasis and reoccurrence1,2. The most common cause is due to hepatitis B virus mediating cellular pathways and proteins in hepatocytes. Unfortunately, HCC is highly resistant to traditional…

Luke Frizzell Background: Glioblastomas are the most common and aggressive of the malignant primary brain tumors.1 Glioblastomas can arise anywhere in the central nervous system and can manifest with multiple and intricate forms of neoplasms presenting with varying genetic abnormalities and behaviors.2,3 These complexities make treatment very difficult. Some of…

Dung Dao Background: Bladder cancer, primarily affecting the urothelial cell layer, can be divided into two types: non-muscle invasive (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive (MIBC).1 It is the 4th most common malignancy in males and 11th in females, with about 550,000 new cases, and a high frequency of recurrence.1,2,3 Risk factors include…