Renin-Angiotensin System Induced Production of TNF-α Mediates the Exaggerated Activation of M1 Macrophages and Further Pathogenesis in Diabetic Nephropathy
Braden Sims Introduction. Improper management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can lead to the progression of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), which is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in most developed countries, including the United States.1 Progression of DN and worsening renal function have been strongly associated with the interplay and…