Anaarthi Srinivas Background: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease in which T-cells attack and destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas1. As of 2021, 304,000 children and adolescents (those younger than 20) in the US had diagnosed T1DM; additionally, 5.7% of all adults with diabetes had T1DM3.…

Shivani Sista Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microangiopathy of the retina resulting from chronic hyperglycemia.1 It is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population, and the fifth leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide.1,2 DR is characterized by progressive capillary damage and retinal ischemia, and advanced stages are…

Changhee Lee Background:  Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is among the most common metabolic conditions worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of 463 milllion adults globally as of 20191. Intermittent fasting (IF), which involves modified timing of caloric intake without intentional change in overall intake, has demonstrated promise as a non-pharmacologic means…

Punit Desai Background:  Cardiometabolic diseases—including cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome—represent a major global health burden, contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and economic costs. Recent research has highlighted the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in…